a-KAY-see-uh kul-tre-FORM-iss

Knife-leaf acacia

Tree

10'-15' high x 10'-15' wide

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full sun

Yellow

Acacia cultriformis is a tree that can reach 15' in both height and width. It has striking silver-gray leaves and is covered with vibrant yellow flowers in winter. This is a very drought tolerant tree and can go without water in summer once established. Although generally considered a problem-free tree, acacia branches can be more prone to breakage in windstorms than some other trees. Consider location carefully when planting.

PADG notes: The tree is a focal point during winter in the garden. It is pruned to a size that suits its small garden bed. During the dry season, drip irrigation is used every three weeks.

ah-KILL-lee-ah

Yarrow ‘Moonshine’

Perennial

2 ft.

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Bright yellow

Achillea ‘Moonshine’ is a reliable mid-summer bloomer whose deep yellow flowers will stand out in a garden. Requiring very little maintenance, these plants are a magnet for butterflies and beneficial insects. The flowers have lots of nectar and the flat shape of the flower serves as a perfect landing pad for butterflies. Deadhead spent flowers to keep the plants looking fresh. Vigorous clumps can be divided in the winter.

ah-KILL-lee-ah tay-GET-ee-uh

Yarrow ‘Taygetea’

Perennial

12 in. to 18 in. wide and tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Creamy yellow

‘Taygetea’ Greek yarrow is a cheerful, reliable summer bloomer. The flowers start out bright yellow in midsummer and fade to a more mellow shade over time. The grey-green foliage blends in well with many plants found in low water gardens. This cultivar of yarrow seems to be more drought tolerant than the popular Achillea millifolium. 

Greek yarrow doesn't need a great deal of maintenance. To encourage reblooming, deadhead it regularly. This plant will spread, so don't plant it too tightly.

ES-kew-lus ka-li-FOR-ni-ka

California Buckeye

Tree

Can grow 10 - 25 ft. or more, and spread 30 ft. or wider

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun, shade

White to pink

The California buckeye is an unusual native because it is summer deciduous. It will naturally drop its leaves with the heat of summer, but with regular watering it may hold leaves longer. Its nectar/pollen is poisonous to European honeybees, but not to native bees. The flower has a candy or perfume-like scent, and blooms in very early spring.

The tree produces a large nut that resembles a buck's eye, thus the name. The nut is poisonous to eat. The nuts easily reseed where they fall, so collect them if new sprouts are not desired.

Without summer leaves, the pale bark of the California buckeye offers interest and structure in the garden and is very easy to prune and shape.

ag-ah-STAK-ee

Agastache

Perennial

3 ft. wide and 2 ft. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Pink

Agastache are originally from the Southwest and Mexico, a climate that is somewhat different from Santa Clara County’s Mediterranean summer-dry climate. These plants require well-draining soil, but local soils tend to be slow-draining clay soils.

PADG notes: This unnamed cultivar of Agastache has been a mixed success in our gardens.

ah-ga-STAHK-ee

Hummingbird mint

Perennial

2'-2.5' high x 1.5' wide

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Orange and Pink

Agastache ‘Acapulco Salmon and Pink’ is a beautiful accent plant for the late spring to early fall garden. It is more compact than most hummingbird mints and is densely covered by orange and pink flower spikes. The plant’s gray-green foliage is also a nice contrast to the brighter greens of most garden plants. Like many perennials, these plants die back during the winter. Hummingbird mints are only moderately drought tolerant. This plant does not flower well unless it is in full sun for half a day or more.

PADG notes: This specimen is planted where it gets morning sun and afternoon shade so it needs less water than recommended. During hot, summer periods, the plant is hosed weekly in addition to a once every three-week drip irrigation cycle.

ah-GAH-vay ah-mer-ih-KAY-nah

Century Plant

Succulent

6 ft. wide to 10 ft. high

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Yellowish green flowers on 15 ft. to 20 ft. stalks

This plant is quite the showstopper and makes a powerful statement when placed among grasses and softer, small-leaved perennials. Small plants form around the base of the plant, but they are easily pruned out if desired.

PADG notes: To prevent accidental injuries, we prune off the sharp spiky tips of this plant.

AL-oh stree-AH-tuh

Coral Aloe

Succulent

2 ft. to 3 ft. tall and 1 ft. to 2 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Red-orange

Like many succulents, Aloes are from South Africa. Aloe striata tolerates cold better than most aloes and grows successfully in the Bay Area. The large, broad, fleshy leaves and tall clusters of flowers are bold additions to the summer-dry perennial bed. As a bonus, hummingbirds and bees are attracted to its orange-red blossoms.

The only maintenance this plant needs is to cut back the inflorescence after the flowers have dropped off. Aloe striata is also easy to propagate. Remove the pups (baby plants) from the base of the plant, let the stems dry and harden, and then plant the cuttings in a pot of cactus soil mix.

AL-oh spin-oh-Siss-e-ma

Spider Aloe

Succulent

2-3 ft. high, 2-4 ft. wide

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun, shade

Red-orange

Spider aloe is a slow-growing succulent, making it unlikely to outgrow its space or crowd its neighbors. This low-maintenance plant is an excellent specimen for a small low-water garden.

It’s a striking plant with an interesting form – it almost looks like a piece of modern sculpture. Spider aloe is frost-tender so be sure to protect it on cold winter nights.

PADG notes: In the winter, spider aloe is rumored to have red flower spikes that are attractive to hummingbirds. Unfortunately, this cannot be confirmed because the plant has never bloomed in our location.

an-uh-MOP-sis kal-i-FOR-ni-kuh

Yerba Mansa

Groundcover

2 wide x 0.33 - 1 ft(0.1 - 0.3 m) tall

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

White, Cream, Red

Yerba Mansa or lizard tail, is a perennial flowering plant within the family Saururaceae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Anemopsis. It is native to southwestern North America. In early spring numerous tiny white flowers are borne on a cone which is surrounded by 4-9 large white spoon-shaped bracts that look like petals. As it matures, the visible part of the plant develops red stains, eventually turning bright red in the fall. Yerba mansa means "calming herb" in Spanish (yerba = "herb"; mansa = "calm or tranquil").   Yerba Mansa requires moist soil, so best to plant in streambeds, seeps or other damp areas. It goes dormant and basically disappears from late summer to early winter, and re-sprouts from the roots in late winter. It produces beautiful white flowers in the early spring that remain on the plant until it starts to go dormant in late summer. It will often spread out like a carpet throughout the damper soil, and choke out any other plants in the area, and in particular while it's blooming, it's quite beautiful.

ak-will-EE-jah Eks-IM-mee-uh

Serpentine Columbine

Perennial

5 ft. high and 1.5 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Half sun

Yellow and orange

Columbines are great plants for woodland areas. Their blooms are delicate and lovely. In the summer, the foliage tends to die back. Aquilegia eximia, a California native, is a UC Davis Arboretum All-Star plant.

PADG notes: Our Aquilegia eximia planted in partial sun hasn't done as well as we would like. We are trying it in a shady spot. The plant may need more water than our water wise garden is given.

ar-BYOO-tus YOO-nee-doe

Strawberry Bush

Tree

10' high x 10' wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

White

Arbutus uneda or Strawberry Tree is a small tree with dark green leaves. It has dainty, white, bell-shaped flowers in the fall and winter. The flowers are followed by small, bright red fruits that somewhat resemble a strawberry. The fruit is enjoyed by birds and although not toxic to humans, they are not considered tasty. The fruit can be messy if the tree planted over sidewalks or patios.

PADG notes: The tree was planted at PADG in 2020. It is currently doing well and is drip irrigated every two weeks during the dry season. As it matures it will need less water.

ark-toe-STAF-il-lohs

Manzanita ‘Emerald Carpet’

Groundcover

5 ft. wide and 8-14 in. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Pink flowers

‘Emerald Carpet’ is a slow growing California native manzanita from the coast of Mendocino County. It is a very attractive plant with dark glossy leaves, reddish stems and small flowers in the early spring.

There are many different cultivars of manzanita, ranging from ground covers to small trees. Manzanitas are a good wildlife plant and typically are a hearty plant. They do well in very dry situations. Most manzanitas need superb drainage, or they will struggle and die. Plant on a mound or slope and water weekly for the first summer and less after that. By the third summer, stop watering. Avoid fertilizing the plant.

These plants rarely need pruning. Remove the odd branch that dies back in the late summer and the plant will fill in. Some gardeners will remove the lower branches on some of the larger manzanitas to highlight the interesting branching structure and reddish bark. Some Santa Clara Master Gardeners have had success using the cultivar ‘Carmel Sur’ as a ground cover in low-water landscapes.

PADG notes: ‘Emerald Carpet’ has not thrived at PADG. It may need more water than most manzanitas.

ark-toe-STAF-i-los den-si-FLOR-us

Manzanita ‘Howard McMinn’

Shrub

5-7 ft tall x 6-10 ft wide

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun

Whitish pink

California native Arctostaphylos ‘Howard McMinn’ is reputed to be the manzanita most tolerant of typical garden conditions. Manzanitas in general need excellent drainage. In heavy clay soils, be careful not to over water or over fertilize.

If the tips of Arctostaphylos branches are pruned, this large shrub will become very dense and make a good privacy screen. Removing the interior stems and leaves instead exposes the interesting red bark. The latter is a good approach for making the shrub more of a focal point instead of a background plant.

PADG notes: PADG planted three ‘Howard McMinn’ manzanitas at the entrance of the Water Wise Garden. They have struggled there over the years, damaged by foot traffic and the occasional joy rider.

ark-TOE-tiss

African Daisy

Perennial

1 ft. to 1 1/2 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Purple

Arctotis ‘Purple Torch’ is a low growing ground cover with gray felty leaves that are attractive even when there are no flowers. It begins blooming in the winter and continues until the weather gets hot. Other varieties of African daisy will bloom through the summer.

To keep Arctotis looking its best, the flowers should be regularly deadheaded when past their prime, and the plant should be replaced every few years. Cuttings root easily in the cool months.

PADG notes: The Palo Alto Demonstration garden has planted ‘Purple Torch’ throughout the beds to unify the garden. It combines well with Bulbine frutescens, which blooms at approximately the same time.

art-ee-MIS-ee-uh dug-las-ee-AH-nuh

Douglas' Sagewort

Perennial

4 ft (1.2 m) wide x 8 ft (2.4 m) tall

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Half sun to shade

Cream, White, Yellow

Artemisia douglasiana is an aromatic shrub in the Asteraceae (Sunflower) family, although plants in this genus don't look like it. It is commonly called California Mugwort or Douglas' Sagewort. Found in virtually every county of California, this plant has been used as a ceremonial plant in many Native American cultures, for use in treating a minor injury or as a dream potentiator. The plant is native to the western United States and into Baja California where it is often found in moist areas such as drainages. It's often riparian in the drier parts of its range. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, often not producing viable seed. It spreads by rhizomes, especially in damp areas. This plant is not often seen in residential gardens but is sometimes grown for medicinal purposes. It is also useful in restoration projects and for erosion control.

ar-te-MIZ-ee-uh VER-suh-kuh-lor

Artemisia versicolor ‘Seafoam’

Groundcover

6 - 12 in. high can spread 15 - 18 in.

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Yellow and orange

The leaves of Artemisia ‘Seafoam’ are silver and frilly, which add a nice texture to the garden. It is a short-lived perennial that needs to be replanted after several years. The plant wants to bloom, but unfortunately will die back afterwards. To prevent the die back, cut off the yellow flowers.

PADG notes: ‘Seafoam’ has been used as a small edging plant in the Demonstration Garden. We have repeated silver foliage plants around the edge of the garden beds as a way of tying different beds together. But we find cutting off the flowers to keep the plant looking good to be labor intensive. 

ah-SAR-um kaw-DAH-tum

Wild Ginger

Groundcover

7-10 inches high and spreading

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Shade

Maroon, generally hidden by leaves

This California native boasts large, shiny, heart-shaped leaves that give the plant a lush, almost tropical look. The leaves can be up to seven inches wide, which can hide the interesting maroon flowers that bloom in late winter or early spring.

Asarum caudatum grows naturally in the coastal redwood forests and prefers a cool, moist environment. In Santa Clara County gardens with coastal influences, wild ginger can do well on a low water diet if given a shady spot and rich soil full of organic material. In drier landscapes, it may disappear in the summer months and reappear after the winter rains. 

This plant is extremely low maintenance. All it seems to need is the occasional removal of old leaves.

ASS-ter chil-EN-sis

California Aster

Perennial

2 ft. to 3 ft. wide and 18 in. to 3 ft. tall

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun

Purple, pale blue or white

This California native is a low growing, late summer bloomer that shines when much of the garden is quiet. It works well in the front of a low water perennial bed or native plant border.

California aster looks best if regularly deadheaded. After it is done blooming in the fall, shear it back to the ground to keep a tidy look in the garden. The plant will cheerfully return when winter is over.

PADG notes: California aster spread very rapidly even without supplemental water. It might work better in a situation where a rapidly spreading plant is needed for erosion control rather than in a small, mixed perennial bed.

Bearded Iris

Bulb

1.5 to 4 feet high Spreads via rhizomes

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Many colors except true red and green,

Bearded irises are beloved for their showy spring flowers, structurally pleasing upright, green leaves and low, summer water needs. They come in a wide range of colors and shapes. Choosing a mix of early, mid and late bloomers prolongs the spring bloom period, and the addition of re-blooming varieties gives another flush of flowers in the fall and winter season. Unfortunately, re-blooming varieties do need water year-round to re-bloom, and the second bloom has fewer flowers. All bearded irises need full sun for at least half the day to bloom well.

Given enough water from late fall through spring, intermediate bearded iris can grow to a height of 2.5 feet tall, and tall bearded iris can reach 4 feet in height. With enough water they develop tall flower stalks supporting numerous large blooms. With less water during the growing season, the plants are smaller with fewer flowers, but the blooms are still striking. Improve growth by adding compost and mulch in the fall, which helps retain soil moisture and provides nutrients for better bloom. Allow plant leaves and soil to dry out between watering to prevent fungal infections and flower loss.

During the summer, bearded irises are dormant, and their leaves die back. For aesthetics many people cut the leaves back when they begin to yellow, but it is not necessary. Plants remain healthy with and without summer trims. Be aware though, there is one major maintenance issue when growing bearded iris. These plants grow from thick rhizomes. Each year new rhizomes spread from the original making a larger clump. As the older rhizomes die, a dead spot will eventually appear in the center of the iris clump. To prevent this from happening and to keep clump size in check, divide iris rhizomes about every three years. Do this during the hot summer months when plants are dormant and fungal infections are less likely to affect the cuts from the mother rhizomes.

BER-ber-is thun-BERG-ee-a

Japanese Barberry

Shrub

2 ft x 3 ft

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Yellow

Berberis thunbergii ‘Crimson Pigmy’ adds great dramatic foliage color to the garden. When planted in full sun, the small leaves on this spiny, naturally graceful plant are a deep purplish red. The purple red leaf color contrasts nicely with the yellow flowers that appear in spring. If grown in semi-shade, the foliage takes on a greener cast. In the fall, the leaves turn a vivid red before falling. The small size makes this plant an easy addition to any garden.

PAGD notes: In our original planting, three pygmy barberries were planted along the front bed. Unfortunately, only one plant survived, but it is doing well. Barberries are slow growing plants and it took a while for them to get established in the garden. More frequent watering would have benefited these plants.

ber-AH-go oh-fiss-ih-NAH-liss

Borage

Annual

2'-3' high x 1.5'-2' wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

The compact size, bright green leaves and blue springtime flowers of Borago officinalis provide a nice contrast to the darker and more muted greens of most water wise plants. Borage is an annual that dies back without supplemental water in summer. It reseeds readily, allowing new plants to spring up in random places. Plants are easy to remove when they begin to die back or if the seedlings come up in undesirable locations. The plant is edible and its star-shaped blue flowers taste like cucumber. In a low water situation, the plants seldom grow over 1.5 feet.

 

BUL-bin-ee froo-TESS-enz

Bulbine frutescens

Succulent

1 ft. high and 2 ft. to 3 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Yellow

This South African native is a great plant to mix into a low water flower border. It is evergreen, has spikes of star-shaped yellow or orange flowers and cool fleshy pencil-shaped leaves.

The yellow-flowered Bulbine frutescens blooms mostly in the winter when very few plants are in flower. The cultivars ‘Hallmark’ and ‘Tiny Tangerine’ are more compact, have orange flowers, and bloom in the summer. Though the plant looks best when watered several times a summer, bulbine can survive on less water.

When bulbine starts to flop open in the center, it is time to dig up and start fresh by planting a piece of the original plant. Cuttings will grow without much special treatment: stick them in the ground and wait for a new plant. The best time to start a new plant is during the rainy season.

kal-ah-mah-GROSS-tiss ah-kew-tih-FLOOR-ah

Feather Reed Grass

Grass

2-3 ft. tall and wide, flowers to 6 ft.

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Taupe

Calamagrostis is a low maintenance plant with big impact in the garden as a vertical accent. They can also be massed to make a low growing screen. In late winter, cut back to several inches above the ground to renew the plants. Alternatively, simply rake out the old growth in the spring

PADG notes: We have used two plants to mark an entryway to the garden.

kal-is-TEM-on

Bottlebrush

Shrub

8 ft. to 10 ft. wide and tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Soft pink

Callistemon ‘Canes Hybrid’ is a beautiful shrub that adds height and structure to the perennial garden, with soft pink flowers that bloom repeatedly throughout the summer. The cultivar ‘Canes Hybrid’ is smaller and has softer, greyer foliage than the more common red Callistemon citrinus.

Callistemon are very adaptable plants for Santa Clara Valley gardens and are attractive to hummingbirds. The many cultivars of Callistemon range from tree-size to shrub-size to ground cover height.

PADG notes: The Callistemon is pruned and shaped to a shrub and is has been planted next to Miscanthus sinensis ‘Yaku Jima’ as seen in the photo.

ka-lo-KOR-tus LU-teus

Yellow Mariposa Lily

Perennial

.5 ft (0.2 m) wide x 1.6 ft (0.49 m) tall

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun

Yellow

Calochortus luteus, or Yellow Mariposa Lily is a species of the Liliaceae endemic to California. This species is found on coastal prairie, grasslands and some open forest floors primarily in the central Coast Ranges and Sierra foothills. Like other Mariposa Lilies it grows from a bulb, with most of its growth occurring in winter, followed by spring flowering and summer dormancy. It requires good drainage and must be kept mostly dry in summer. The leaves arising directly from the bulb are strap-like and long. The flower is 3-5 centimeter across and primarily bright yellow, with sparse hair inside and often red-brown streaks or blotches. It is reported to be one of the easiest Mariposa Lilies to grow in the garden.

kal-ee-LOW-fus heart-WEHG-ee-eye

Sundrops

Perennial

1.5 ft. high and 2 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Calylophus hartwegii is a showy, low growing perennial. The flowers, which appear in mid-summer, are bright yellow. The delicate, lacy foliage is also an attractive addition to the garden. It is native to the southwestern US and northern Mexico.

Sunset’s Western Garden Book suggests shearing before spring growth. The stems on these plants can become woody.

KARE-eks dee-VOOL-sah

Foothill Sedge

Grass

2 ft. tall and 1 ft. wide

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun, shade

No flowers

Foothill sedge makes a lovely informal ground cover in shady areas. With occasional watering, this plant stays green over the entire summer. It will survive full sun but can begin to look ratty in the summer.

This plant was once considered a California native, but that has recently been disproven. The new name is Carex divulsa, but it may still be sold in nurseries as Carex tumulicola.

PADG notes: At the end of winter, many people cut this plant back to several inches above the ground, but that has not been necessary at the demonstration garden. Because plants are in the shade, they don’t become tattered. Reseeding has also not been a problem, probably because of extensive bark mulch and drip irrigation in the water wise garden.

kar-pen-TIER-ree-uh kal-ih-FOR-nik-uh

Bush Anemone

Shrub

6 ft. tall and 4 ft. wide or possibly larger

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

White

Carpenteria is an evergreen shrub and works well as a background shrub or in mixed plantings under oaks. This shrub has pretty leaves and cheery ‘egg over easy’ flowers. It is a UC Davis Arboretum All-Star and a California native.

Carpenteria californica is a flexible plant, tolerating light to moderate water and full sun to partial shade. One drawback of this plant is the brown leaves don’t always drop off in summer. If this shrub is in a very visible spot, it may be desirable to cut off the brown leaves for a cleaner appearance.

see-ah-NO-thuss

California Wild Lilac

Plant type depends on cultivar

Many different types

None: avoid summer water

Full to half sun

Purple, dark blue, medium blue, white

Ceanothus is a California native evergreen shrub. It is very showy in late winter and early spring when it covers itself with beautiful blossoms. Most Ceanothus have blue blooms that are very attractive to bees and other insects.

There are many different kinds of Ceanothus. Some are low growing ground covers; some are shrubs, and some become tree-like. Most Ceanothus need to be planted in a dry part of the garden because they are very sensitive to summer watering. Ceanothus varieties originally from the coast, such as ‘Carmel Creeper’, are more tolerant of summer water. Cultivars should be researched carefully to select the right plant that meets individual garden conditions. 

It is best to prune Ceanothus in the late summer when they are dormant. Take care not to cut into large branches. Only prune branches that are an inch or less in size.

Even with proper pruning and watering, these plants can be short-lived (five to ten years), but their beautiful spring flowers more than make up for any challenges.

see-a-NO-thus

California Wild Lilac ‘Concha’

Shrub

6-8 ft tall x 6-8 ft wide

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun

Blue

Ceanothus ‘Concha’ is a California native plant with rose colored buds that open to cobalt blue flowers in late winter or early spring. Leaves are small and a deep dark green.

‘Concha’ is one of the best Ceanothus cultivars for Santa Clara County. It is more adaptable to typical garden environments than many other Ceanothus, tolerating heavy clay soil, drought, or summer watering. Overwatering will shorten the life of any Ceanothus so be sure to allow the soil to dry between waterings.

see-an-OH-thus muh-RIT-tim-mus

Maritime ceanothus

Shrub

1'-3' high x 3'-8' wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Ceanothus maritimus ‘Valley Violet’ is a California native and a UC Davis Arboretum All-Star. This low growing Ceanothus has a wide spread and can be an effective ground cover. It has dark, blue-green foliage that contrasts nicely with its purple flowers, which bloom from winter into spring. Be aware that all Ceanothus develop buckthorns as they age that can be very sharp.

PADG notes: Several varieties of Ceanothus were planted several years ago in the Native Bed at the Palo Alto Demonstration Garden. As of 2022, Ceanothus maritimus ‘Valley Violet’ is doing the best in the group. It is very drought tolerant and is living up to its All-Star status with the garden’s dry season irrigation cycle. Established plants are watered once every three weeks with drip lines.

see-an-OH-thus PAL-id-us

Wild Lilac ‘Marie Simon’

Shrub

Up to 6 - 8 ft. high and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Ceanothus x pallidus ‘Marie Simon’ is a cross between a native Ceanothus and another unknown plant, and is a UC Davis Arboretum All-Star. It looks quite different from a native Ceanothus. It is semi-deciduous, with red stems and light green leaves, and its flowers are a delicate pink instead of the blue more typical for Ceanothus.

PADG notes: Online photos show a plant covered with pink flowers but that hasn’t been the case at the Demonstration Garden. The flowers have been pretty but sparse and the plant does not look vigorous. It has been in the garden for several years and is still a non-performer. We can’t recommend this plant for low water gardens in the Palo Alto area.

SIR-sis ok-sih-den-TAY-liss

Western Redbud

Shrub

12-20 ft. tall and wide

None: avoid summer water

Full to half sun

Magenta

Western redbud's magenta flowers are quite a sight in the early spring. After blooming the small multi-trunked tree or large shrub has pretty heart-shaped leaves. This California native and UC Davis Arboretum All-Star is an excellent choice for a small space or an edge of woodland design. After the plant blooms, Western redbud sets distinctive seedpods.

Like many natives, this plant needs good drainage, so consider planting it on a mound. Avoid summer water. Cercis can be pruned over the winter to open up the branching structure to give the plant a more tree-like appearance.

ser-koe-KAR-pus be-tull-OY-dees

Mountain Mahogany

Shrub

5-12 ft. tall and wide, adult size can vary

None: avoid summer water

Full to half sun

Small yellow flowers

Cercocarpus is an evergreen shrub that is useful for screening, as informal hedging, or can be pruned into a small, elegant tree. As a California native from the foothills, it can get by on little to no water once established. It is on the UC Davis Arboretum All-Stars list.

PADG notes: This slow growing plant has not had problems with pests or diseases. We have pruned this Cercocarpus to have a more open form, so it is now a very attractive, airy shrub.

chas-MAN-thee

Chasmanthe or cobra lily

Bulb

3 ft. to 3 1/2 ft. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Orange-red

Chasmanthe is one of the South African perennials that does very well in the Santa Clara County climate. Foliage appears in the fall, orange-red flowers appear in the winter, and the plant goes dormant in the summer. Chasmanthe needs no summer water. There is also a yellow flowered version, called Chasmanthe floribunda duckittii.

For best flowering, corms should be divided every two to three years. Be aware that the plant will reseed vigorously, particularly Chasmanthe aethiopica, so be sure to deadhead the flowers if this is not desired.

kon-dro-PET-al-lum tek-TOR-um

Cape Rush

Grass

4-6 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Tan brown bracts

Chondropetalum is a low water plant from South Africa that has a nice reed-like look. Many garden designers favor it as a specimen for its strong architectural lines. It is often use in modern designs and in pots as the “thriller.” Overwatering the plant will make it floppy. Remove old stems to highlight new growth. It can also be sheared to ground just as new sprouts start to show.

PADG notes: We also tried Juncus, a similar looking plant, but found it did not do well with once every three weeks watering.

kry-soh-SEE-uh-lum uh-pik-yoo-LAY-tum

Silver and Gold Everlasting

Perennial

1' high x 2'-3' wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Chrysocephalum apiculatum is a low growing perennial strawflower with standout silver foliage and yellow flowers. Like all strawflowers, the fresh spring blooms retain their color as they dry and last on the plant for long periods. When established this is a very drought tolerant plant. It works well near the front of a border but give space for its spread. It should not be planted next to the border’s edge. Trim the flowers when they become unsightly and lightly shape the plant for the next spring bloom. Do not prune heavily.

SIS-tus x (ar-JEN-tee-us)

Rock Rose

Shrub

2'-3' high x 4'-5' wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Pink and White

Cistus x argenteus ‘Silver Pink’ has small flowers that densely cover the plant in the spring. At the end of the season the flowers drop off cleanly. This beautiful evergreen shrub naturally grows into a neat, compact mound, with dense, gray-green foliage. It should never be pruned heavily. Like many drought tolerant plants, a heavy pruning can kill it or leave it misshapen. Instead, be sure to allow enough space for the mature shrub in your landscape design so that pruning is not necessary.

SIS-tus pul-ver-oo-LEN-tus

Rockrose

Shrub

2 ft. tall and 6 - 8 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Hot pink

This hot pink rockrose is a long blooming, low growing shrub that can grow to six feet. There are several different rockrose cultivars, with flowers ranging from pink to white to lavender. Rockroses thrive in hot, dry areas. They like well-draining soil and will quickly die if overwatered. The plant can be pruned, but don’t cut into the wood because it may not resprout.

PADG notes: This plant tended to die within two years in the Demonstration Garden’s regularly watered clay soil. The rockrose was planted on a berm (small hill) and received minimal summer water.

KLEM-ah-tiss lin-GOOS-tik-uh-fo-lee-a

Virgin's Bower

Perennial

2 - 6 in (5 - 15cm) wide x 1 - 30 ft (0.3 - 9.1 m) tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

White, Cream

Clematis ligusticifolia is a climbing, spreading vine with showy flowers. It is also known as Old-man's Beard and Yerba de Chiva, and Virgin's bower, (though the last name may also refer to C. lasiantha). It is native to North America where it is widespread across the western United States in streamside thickets, wooded hillsides, and coniferous forests up to 4,000 feet. Like the rest of the Clematis genus, it contains essential oils and compounds which irritate the skin and mucous membrames. Unlike Black Pepper or Capsicum, however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used trace amounts of clematis to treat migraine headaches and nervous disorders. A whole-plant hot water extraction was used to treat eczema, and a leaf compress is used to treat chest pain, sores, and boils.

KOR-ree-uh

Australian Fuchsia

Shrub

6 ft. to 8 ft. wide and 2 ft. to 3 ft. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun, shade

Reddish pink to red, cream, orange, and greenish yellow

Correa has many attributes that make it ideal for Bay Area gardeners. It thrives in sun, partial sun, or shade; is deer resistant and bird friendly; has pretty, long-lasting flowers that provide winter color; does well with moderate to occasional water; does not get too big; tolerates our alkaline soil; and is evergreen.

Also, the shrub requires no deadheading or pruning, so it is practically maintenance-free. Look for some of the newer cultivars of Correa that have been bred to produce more visible flowers above the foliage.

KOR-ree-uh AL-ba

Australian Fuchsia, White

Shrub

8 ft. high and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun, shade

Correa alba looks very different from the more commonly grown Correa ‘Dusky Bells’. The flowers are more open and less downward facing than other Correas. The foliage is fuzzy on the back side and the stems are bronzy brown. This shrub can grow to 8 feet by 8 feet without regular pruning.

Like Correa ‘Dusky Bells’, Correa alba thrives in sun, partial sun, or shade; is deer resistant and bird friendly; and has long-lasting flowers. The plant does well with moderate to occasional water, tolerates alkaline soil, and is evergreen. The plant is sensitive to overwatering and overfertilizing.

PADG notes: Some find Correas to be short-lived but at the Palo Alto Demonstration Garden, this plant is still going strong after several years in the garden. The beds in garden are mulched with wood chips, but not fertilized and watered deeply with drip irrigation once every three weeks.

kot-EE-lee-don Or-bee-kul-AY-tuh

Pig's Ear

Succulent

3 ft. tall and 2 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun, shade

No flowers

Cotyledon orbiculata has large, bright green, red-edged leaves. Many summer-dry plants have small, fine leaves so these brightly colored, fleshy leaves add a much needed punch to the garden. This is especially important during the quiet months in the fall and winter when not much is blooming.

Like many succulents, Cotyledon orbiculata is easily propagated from cuttings and does well in containers. It is cold hardy to 20–25°F.

dy-er-AH-muh

Fairy Wand, Angel’s Fishing Rod

Bulb

Leaves to 2 ft. long, stems 4-7 ft. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Purplish pink to pink to white

Fairy Wand, also known as Angel’s Fishing Rod, has stunning flowers on long arching stems. It is certainly a “what is that?!” plant when it blooms in late spring and early summer. Be sure to put it in a spot that will showcase its tall blooms.

If the plant gets too big, the corms can be divided and replanted. Fairy Wand self sows, though heavy mulching may discourage seedlings. If reseeding is a problem, deadhead the flowers before they set seed.

Fairy Wand is usually evergreen in Santa Clara County’s climate, but leaves can be cut back in mid-summer if they become unattractive. Otherwise, this is a trouble-free plant with a big impact when it blooms.

PADG notes: Fairy Wand is said to need regular water, but a once every three weeks watering regime has worked well.

ech-eh-ver-EE-a

Succulent

Less that 1 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Half sun to shade

Pink, red with yellow tips

Echeveria is a good filler or edging plant for the summer-dry flower border and also does well in pots. The sculptural quality of the fleshy leaves provides a nice contrast to the more delicate leaves of many perennials.

Echeverias are sometimes called ‘Hen and Chicks’, but so are Sempervivums, another succulent. It's one of the problems with using common names. In this case, it is better to use the botanical name, Echeveria.

PADG Notes: Echeveria ‘Imbricata’, a UC Davis Arboretum All-Star, is featured in the Demonstration Garden. Some Echeverias do well in full sun, but Imbricata seems to do better in half shade and with a drip very close to the roots.

ek-ih-AY-shee-a pur-PUR-ee-ah

Purple cone flower

Perennial

3'-4' high x 2' wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Purple

Echinacea purpurea is a green-leaved perennial that produces large purple, daisy-like blooms in the summer. It can grow to four feet in height and works well in the background of garden borders. It needs minimal drip irrigation, dies down after bloom, and resprouts in the spring with little extra maintenance required.

EK-in-ops RIH-tro

Globe Thistle

Perennial

2 - 4 ft. tall and 2 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Bright blue

Echinops has beautiful blue flowers that bloom spring through fall. The coarse leaves may not appeal to everyone, but they add a different texture to the garden. Echinops make a great cut flower. The spiky texture adds interest to flower arrangements.

Even with minimal water and no fertilizer, these plants need staking. Supports put in place in the early spring are quickly covered with foliage and hidden from view. To encourage new blooms and keep the plant looking fresh, remove the entire flowering stalk.

Ep-ih-LOW-bee-um

Hummingbird Fuchsia ‘Select Mattole’

Shrub

1 ft tall and 2 ft. wide

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun

Red orange

California native fuchsias are a welcome addition to the waterwise garden. They produce masses of red-orange flowers all summer long, at a time when many other native plants are dormant. Hummingbirds love these tubular flowers. ‘Select Mattole’ is one of many cultivars available. Its silver-green foliage foliage shines in the garden. It stays compact and doesn't spread.

Cut California fuchsias back to one inch stubs in the fall or winter. For varieties that tend to ranginess, pinching the outer tips in late May or June will encourage them to be denser and less floppy.

California fuchsias are drought tolerant and can be completely summer dry, but will be lusher if given a once a month deep watering.

er-IJ-er-on GLAW-kus

Seaside Daisy ‘Wayne Roderick’

Perennial

1 ft. high and spreading up to 2 ft. wide

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Pink to Lavender to Violet

Erigeron glaucus ‘Wayne Roderick’ has a long bloom period if deadheaded regularly, with blooming starting in the spring and continuing into the fall. To keep this plant looking its best, prune back leggy growth to 1 or 2 inches in the late fall. The cultivar ‘Wayne Roderick’ is supposed to be longer lived, have larger blooms, and be more durable and heat tolerant than the species.

PADG notes: Our experience with Erigeron 'Wayne Roderick' has been very good, although we have noticed that the foliage burns in the summer unless given more frequent water.

er-ih-OG-uh-num fas-sik-yoo-LAH-tum

California buckwheat

Shrub

2' high x 4'-5' wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Eriogonum fasciculatum is a drought-tolerant California native shrub. Reaching only two feet in height with a four-to-five-foot spread, it is a good mid-border choice. The shrub has many branches that are densely covered with small, dark green, needle-like leaves and is covered with pinkish-white clusters of tiny flowers in spring which turn an attractive rust color in summer and fall. When not flowering, it is an attractive contrast to other plants in the mixed border. Trim flowers off when they become unsightly and lightly shape the plant. Do not prune heavily.

ee-ree-OG-oh-num GRAHN-day roo-BESS-ens

Rosy Buckwheat

Shrub

1 ft. to 2 ft. tall and wide

None: avoid summer water

Full sun

Rosy buckwheat, a California native from the Channel Islands, has rosy flowers in summer. It is one of the showiest and most compact of the buckwheats. Because of its size and neat growth habit, it makes a great filler plant in a native garden. Rosy buckwheat shines in late summer when the flowers turn from rosy to a coppery tint. The mellow colors of this plant blends well with other perennials.

At the end of the coppery color phase, the blooms can be deadheaded to avoid a ratty look. Every few years, do a light pruning to new growth below the taller branches. The best time to do this pruning is in the late fall before the winter growth starts. Shape this plant every so often to keep its mounding form.

Buckwheat requires some summer water the first year it is planted. After the first year, avoid summer water. The plants may only live three to five years, though sometimes longer. It freely reseeds so buying new plants may not be necessary.

er-EE-thranthe goo-TA-ta

Monkey Flower

Perennial

2 1/2 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun, shade

White, cream, yellow, orange, copper, salmon, red, maroon

Mimulus is a cheerful California native that adds bright color to the garden. This shrubby perennial has been hybridized heavily to produce a rainbow of colors. In the wild, different species of Mimulus can be found from southern Oregon to southern California.

Happy in sun or part shade, these plants prefer good drainage. With supplemental water, you can expect some repeat bloom all summer. Mimulus is a favorite in native plant gardens because of its color range.

When new foliage appears at its base in late winter, the plant is ready to be pruned back to the new green growth. This hard pruning will rejuvenate the plant. If there is no growth at the base, then gently pinch the tips to encourage new growth. The scientific name of this plant was recently changed from Mimulus guttatus to Erythranthe guttata.

PADG notes: Some Master Gardeners have found this plant to be short-lived; other Master Gardeners have Mimulus plants in their personal gardens that are over five years old and doing just fine. These plants are easy to propagate from cuttings and seeds.

esh-SHOLZ-ee-ah cal-ih-FOR-nih-kah

California Poppy

Perennial

6 in. wide and 6 in. to 12 in. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Bright orange, golden, pale yellow, red, cream, rose

California poppies look great in wild areas and are lovely massed. They make excellent temporary fillers in new beds and landscapes. 

California poppies can get by with almost no summer water, but they tend to look shabby and weedy under these conditions. To encourage continuous bloom, provide moderate amounts of water and trim the plants back to almost ground level when the foliage turns grey, and the plants lose their flowers.

Although California poppies are perennials in the Santa Clara Valley, they can be treated as annuals. California poppies can be problematic because they are aggressive reseeders. They should be heavily thinned even in desired areas and removed entirely when undesired. They can reach one and a half feet wide in size and can smother other plants.

Most retail nurseries and many hardware stores sell seeds for California poppies. Some mail order companies are good sources for some of the less common varieties of these California natives. Plant seeds in the fall for a spring show. Be sure to cover seeds with mulch to hide them from the birds and water regularly until they sprout if the winter rains have not arrived.

yew-FOR-bee-ah mur-zin-EYE-teez

Creeping Spurge

Groundcover

6 - 12 in. tall and 12 in. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Yellow

With its eye catching texture and showy flowers in the spring, Euphorbia myrsinites makes an attractive ground cover for dry areas. These plants will reseed vigorously if not deadheaded, so be sure to cut off the flowering stalks before seeds develop. Leave new growth intact since that will be next spring's flowers.

Take care when cutting Euphorbias because the milky sap can be very irritating to the skin.

yew-FOR-bee-ah RIH-jih-dah

Euphorbia

Perennial

3 ft. to 4 ft. high and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Hundreds of varieties of Euphorbias are available ranging from groundcovers to shrubs. These Mediterranean perennials are hardy plants. Chartreuse or lime green flowers appear in late winter and hold well through spring. Euphorbias are very showy in the winter garden and continue looking good during the hot summer.

Euphorbias can be aggressive reseeders so cut off the flower stalks at the base sometime in May before they set seed. Be careful of the sap as it may irritate the skin. 

fess-TEW-kuh kal-ih-FOR- nih-kuh

California Fescue

Grass

2 ft. high and wide, with inflorescence 2 - 3 ft. high

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun, shade

Golden

Festuca californica is a commonly planted California native grass. It is larger than many of the Festucas, reaching two feet or more in height and has a softer more arching habit. Unlike many California natives, this plant can take moderate water and will stay green and lush with regular watering. Without regular summer watering, it will go dormant. Festuca californica is tough and resilient. To prevent reseeding, be sure to deadhead in early summer.

fes-TOO-ka GLAW-ka

Blue Fescue

Grass

1 ft high and 10 in. wide

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Blue-green

Blue fescue is a small, evergreen bunch grass with narrow blue-green leaves that form a mound. The fairly insignificant flowers appear in early summer.

This grass needs occasional water and good drainage. It tends to brown out in the middle, but can be divided and replanted to renew it. In a low water garden, these grasses seem to hold their blue green color better in the shade.

fess-TOO-kah eye-duh-ho-EN-sis

Idaho Fescue

Grass

1 ft. to 2 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Shade

No flowers

Idaho fescue is common native grass in California and many other western states. Without summer water, they turn brown and scraggly. Even with occasional summer water, Festucas do better shadier areas than in full sun. Miscanthus, another type of grass, does better in full sun, but is larger than Festucas.

PADG notes: The Palo Alto Demonstration Garden is still searching for a grass that is low growing and does well in full sun with limited water.

FY-kus KAR-ih-kah

Panachée Striped Tiger Fig

Tree

15 -30 ft.

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

None

Tiger figs have beautiful striped, green fruit and large attractive leaves. The fruit requires a long warm season to ripen, which may not be possible in all parts of Santa Clara Valley. See the fig page for more information about growing figs. 

PADG notes: PADG's two Tiger fig trees were too large for the modest-sized beds where they were planted, so had to be heavily pruned every year to keep them small enough. The Tiger figs have been removed and replaced with a dwarf fig cultivar called “Black Jack”.

gay-ZAY-nee-uh

Gazania

Groundcover

6 in. tall and 12 in. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Yellow, orange, white, and pink

Gazanias are colorful, easy to grow, low water plants. Gazanias do better with only occasional water because they can become leggy if given regular water. Cultivars with silver foliage blend particularly well with other Mediterranean plants. Tired blooms can be deadheaded although it is not necessary. If a clump of plants becomes too crowded or too large, divide the plant during the cool season.

PADG notes: Gazanias have been planted along the edges of the Demonstration Garden to help tie together different beds. 

ji-RAY-nee-uhm kan-tuh-brij-ee-EN-see

Cranesbill ‘Biokovo’

Groundcover

6 - 8 in. tall and spreading

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun, shade

Pale pink

This pretty ground cover is good for dry shady areas. The pale pink flowers have a long season and complement a variety of plants, from roses to California native shrubs to coast live oaks. It's easy to propagate and transplant to new areas. Just cut off a small piece, plant it directly in the soil and keep it wet until the plant roots. Shear in the fall to get fresh growth in the spring.

Be aware that geranium ‘Biokovo’ can become aggressive and spread quickly if planted in soil that is fertilized and watered regularly. 

grev-ILL-ee-uh lan-EE-ger-ruh

Wooley Grevillea

Shrub

1'-1.5' high x 4'-5' wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Grevillea lanigera ‘Coastal Gem’ is covered with showy pink flowers from fall into spring, providing color when most plants do not bloom. Plan the garden so the remaining spring blossoms accent the early spring blooms on other plants. When not in bloom, this is a compact and attractive shrub with gray-green leaves. It is very drought tolerant once established.

grah-VIL-ee-ah rose-ma-ree-nee-FOH-lee-uh

Grevillea

Shrub

3 ft. high and 6 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Red and cream

Grevillea is a no fail plant. It's tough, deer resistant, loved by hummingbirds, and a fall to spring bloomer.

The Grevillea pictured is a dwarf form of Grevillea rosmarinifolia. It has evergreen rosemary-like leaves and stays about 3 feet high by 6 feet wide. It flowers in the winter when not much is blooming and provides a tidy, low growing shrub in the summer when other plants take center stage.

Grevillea does well with a deep watering once every three weeks. It also grows well in gardens that get regular water. Be careful of using fertilizer with phosphorus around Grevillea. No maintenance, deadheading, or trimming back is required for this plant.

Note that there are over 250 species and hybrids of Grevillea. Some have fine leaves; others have courser leaves. Some make great ground covers; others grow to be the size of the small trees. Some tolerate cold weather better than others. Research cultivars carefully before selecting plants.

grin-DELL-ee-a hir-SU-too-la

Great Valley Gumweed

Perennial

3 ft. wide x 2 - 6.6 ft (0.6 - 2 m) tall

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full sun

Yellow

Grindelia hirsutula is native to California and Baja California, where it can be found in a number of habitats including chaparral and woodlands. Its range may extend into Nevada. Its erect, branching stems are lined with many stiff, wavy-edged, serrated leaves 2 to 3 cm long. Atop the stem branches are inflorescences of a single large flower head up to 3 cm wide. The head is a vaguely thistlelike cup of green clawlike phyllaries that bend downward. The centre of the head is filled with yellow disc florets and there are usually many yellow ray florets around the circumference. The flower head fills with a copious white exudate, especially during the early stages of blooming. It is a traditional Native American medicinal plant, used by the indigenous peoples of California and also a major pollinator attractant.

hee-lee-AN-them-um num-ew-LAH-ree-um

Sunrose

Groundcover

6 in. to 12 in. high and 18 in. to 3 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Orange-red

A low-growing, trailing ground cover from Turkey, Helianthemum is covered with small flowers in the spring. There are many cultivars with different flower colors — red, apricot, yellow, pink, and white. ‘Henfield Brilliant’ is a striking form with its silvery leaves and orange flowers.

Helianthemum likes full sun and well-draining soil with low to moderate water. Shear off the dead flowers to encourage repeat blooms.

hes-per-AL-oh par-VEE-flor-uh

Coral yucca

Perennial

3'-4' high x 4'-5' wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Red

Hesperaloe parviflora is a standout plant for any garden and is on the UC Davis Arboretum All-Star list. The three- to four-foot-high rosettes of stiff yucca-like, blue-green leaves provide structural interest all year long. From spring into summer, five-foot-long flower stalks sport many striking red flowers followed by interesting seed pods. This plant is drought tolerant, low maintenance, and very reliable, with few pest and disease problems.

 

het-er-OH-mi-lees ar-bew-ti-FO-lee-a

Toyon

Shrub

10-20 ft tall x 10-15 ft wide

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun

White

Toyon is an attractive dark green, large shrub that can develop into a small multi-trunk tree. This plant is native to many chaparral areas of California and easily adapts to garden cultivation.

It is a member of the rose family, producing small white flowers in early spring followed by showy red berries. The berries remain on the shrub for several months while they slowly ripen. Once ripe, they attract many different species of hungry, grateful birds.

Young toyons may take a few years to settle into the garden but once established, they are easy to grow and can be pruned to manage their size or to keep them looking fresh.

PADG notes: The toyon in the Palo Alto Demo Garden Water Wise Garden was planted in the winter of 2008 from a one-gallon container in a spot where it gets afternoon shade. This toyon is still a modest sized shrub many years after planting.

HEW-ker-ah

Coral Bells ‘Rosada’

Perennial

3 ft. to 4 ft. wide with 1 ft. flower stalks

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Half sun to shade

Pink

There are many kinds of Heuchera, but Heuchera ‘Rosada’ is a favorite. Introduced to the nursery trade by the UC Davis Arboretum, it is a cross between two different western U.S. native species.

Heuchera ‘Rosada’ prefers light shade and occasional to moderate water. With beautiful rosettes of low growing foliage and stalks of pink blooms, it is a favorite of woodland gardens. Removing the flower stalks when the plant finishes blooming is all the maintenance needed. Although these plants will grow in full sun, they will need more water to look their best. Plants grown in the shade can tolerate less water.

UC Davis Arboretum selected Heuchera ‘Rosada’ for its Arboretum All-Stars designation, which identifies plants that are easy to grow, reliable, do not need a lot of water, and have few pest or disease problems.

HEW-ker-ah MAX-im-a

Island Alumroot

Perennial

1-2 ft tall x 3-4 ft wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Pinkish-white

Heuchera maxima is a California native plant from the Channel Islands. This heuchera is one of the largest of this genus. It forms a low clump and looks great planted in mass, especially in early spring when delicate flowers appear on thin stalks above the large green leaves. The flowers are useful as a cut flower. It is on the UC Davis Arboretum All-Star list

PADG notes: In the Water Wise Garden, several Heuchera maxima are growing in a shady spot where the soil is quite rich. These plants have grown very large and are stunning in the spring when they bloom.

hy-PARE-ih-kum REP-tanz

St. Johnswort

Groundcover

2 in. tall and 1 1/2 in. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Bright yellow

Hypericum reptans, or ground cover St. Johns’s Wort, is ideal for dry sunny and partially shady areas. This ground cover looks and behaves differently from other species of St. John’s Wort. It has very small leaves and flowers, grows close to the ground and spreads slowly, with yellow flowers appearing in the summer.

Spent flowers can be sheared off when the plant is done blooming. It is easy to start new plants by planting cuttings directly into the soil when the weather has cooled.

IF-ee-on yoo-nee-FLOR-um

Starflower

Bulb

0.5' high x Spreads

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Ipheion uniflorum has low-growing green leaves and is covered with white star-shaped flowers in early spring. It dies down to the bulb after bloom and resprouts when fall and winter rains begin. It is a dainty and beautiful addition to garden edge. It reliably complements the early blooming narcissus and other spring flowers and requires little maintenance other than extra water if it does not rain during bloom.

EYE-riss

Pacific Coast Iris ‘Canyon Snow’

Bulb

Flower stems reach 8 in. to 24 in. high

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

White

There are many hybrids of Pacific Coast iris, some of which are very showy. Flower colors available include white, blue, pink, copper, brown, maroon, and violet. The flowers appear in the spring. The cultivar ‘Canyon Snow’ is said to tolerate full sun better than many other California native irises, as well as being more vigorous and floriferous. UC Davis has included this cultivar on the Arboretum All-Stars list.

Master Gardeners have found that Pacific Coast irises seem to prefer part shade and low to moderate water. Native irises are useful under oaks, in woodland gardens, and in meadows.

IKS-ee-uh

African Corn Lily

Bulb

18 - 20 in. tall

None: avoid summer water

Full sun

Cream, yellow, red, orange, and pink

This versatile South African bulb is one of the best kept secrets of a Mediterranean garden. The late spring flowers come in pretty jewel tone colors that go well with many spring-blooming plants. The grass-like foliage on this plant can be removed when it goes brown and dormant in the summer. While it prefers no summer water, it can tolerate some. 

ny-FOE-fee-ah

Red Hot Poker

Perennial

Varies by cultivar

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Red, orange, yellow, near white

The glowing torch-like flowers spikes of Kniphofia are reliable midsummer bloomers and provide great vertical accents. Many sizes and colors of Kniphofias have been developed, including reds, oranges, yellows, and near whites. The flower colors can be dramatic and intense, so take care in selecting flower colors that blend well with your plants.

Deadhead the plants when the old flower spikes become unattractive. When the leaves start looking shabby in the winter, cut the foliage back about three inches above the ground. Kniphofia will come back beautifully in the spring. The plant divides easily but it doesn't seem to require dividing to stay vigorous.

PADG notes: The Palo Alto Demonstration Garden has several Kniphofias including ‘Christmas Cheer', which is a UC Davis Arboretum All-Star. It has brilliant orange buds that open to a deep-gold tubular flower. ‘Christmas Cheer’ blooms in the fall and winter unlike many other Kniphofias.

lah-VAN-dew-lah STOY-kas

Spanish Lavender

Shrub

1 ft. to 2 ft. tall and 2 ft. to 3 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Purple

Lavenders are a favorite plant for low-water gardens with their aromatic foliage and showy spikes of scented flowers. Full sun and good drainage are essential for lavenders. Shear the plant after blooming to maintain a neat appearance and discourage the plant from becoming too large and woody. Lavender is a short-lived shrub that may need to be replaced when it becomes leggy or woody after about six years.

Lavandula stoechas is an early bloomer and will repeat bloom if deadheaded and given supplemental water.

PADG notes:  Several different types of lavenders are planted in the Demonstration Garden, including ‘Otto Quast’, a successful cultivar which is also a UC Davis Arboretum All-Star plant.

lee-oh-NO-tus lee-oh-NURE-us

Lion’s Tail

Shrub

4 ft. to 6 ft. wide and tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Orange-red

This upright shrub from South Africa has bright eye-catching orange flowers. A single lion’s tail works well as a late summer/early fall garden focal point. The flowers can also be stunning in a flower arrangement. 

Prune these shrubs in the early spring after the danger of frost is past to control size. Some gardeners prune them down to six inches from the ground; others just cut off half of the total height. How much to prune is a matter of deciding the desirable size of the plants in the garden. With no pruning at all, these plants can get very large, very quickly.

Lion’s tail can be frost tender, but they rebound quickly. If this plant does get frost damaged, wait until after the danger of frost is past, then cut off the damaged parts.

le-peh-KIN-ee-uh hass-TAH-tuh

Pitcher Sage

Shrub

3 ft. tall and wide in low water gardens

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun

Magenta

Pitcher sage is an aromatic member of the mint family that is attractive in wild gardens. In late summer these plants have reddish purple flowers on medium-sized spikes. Hummingbirds and bees love them, so they add quite a bit of life to a garden. Another feature is the plant’s large leaves, which offer a nice contrast to many plants from the Mediterranean region that have smaller foliage. Although some pitcher sages are native to California, Lepechinia hastata is from Mexico.

PADG notes: Some reference books say this plant can get up to 6 feet tall, but in the Palo Alto Demonstration Garden, they have stayed a modest 3 feet tall and wide. The trick may be not to overwater them.

les-IN-jee-a fi-la-jin-i-FOL-ee-a

California Dune Aster

Groundcover

3+ ft. wide and 4 in. tall

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun

Pink to lilac

Lessingia felaginifolia is a drought tolerant California native groundcover and a favorite with butterflies. Lessingia ‘Silver Carpet’ is a selection known for its dense, silvery foliage. The short, ground-hugging foliage is only 4 inches high, spreading 3 or more feet. Water deeply a few times over the summer.

lew-kuh-DEN-dron

Jester Conebush

Shrub

4 ft. to 6 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Rose, red or yellow

Leucadendrons are evergreen shrubs from South Africa and are related to Proteas. Some Leucadendrons have interesting cone-like heads with colorful bracts that may be used in flower arrangements; others are grown primarily for their foliage.

Plant Leucadendrons on one-foot mounds to encourage good drainage. Their color and size add a bit of drama to the beds, especially during periods where other plants are dormant.

PADG notes: There are several different cultivars of Leucadendrons in the garden, including this one. ‘Jester’ is also known as ‘Safari Sunshine'.

lew-kuh-DEN-dron

Rising Sun Conebush

Shrub

6 ft. to 8 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Red

Leucadendron ‘Rising Sun’ is a South African native, with beautiful reddish stems and terminal bracts (colorful flower-like leaves toward the end of a stem). Some Leucadendrons can be frost tender.

PADG notes: This Leucadendron stayed small, so pruning hasn’t been necessary. It may be because it was planted on top of a gravel mound and received limited water. However, we removed Rising Sun from the Palo Alto Demonstration Garden because it had a twisting way of growing that we didn't find attractive.

lew-kuh-DEN-dron sal-LIG-num

Conebush

Shrub

4'-6' high x 4'-8' wide

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Yellow

Leucadendron salignum ‘Golden Tip’ is a structurally striking, upright shrub, with branches tipped with bright yellow bracts from winter into spring. Leaves are green but pick up a yellow hue during bloom time. Although considered drought tolerant, Leucadendrons require more water than most water wise plants. Even well-established plants can die during hot summers without enough water.

PADG notes: This plant is watered every three weeks, but this is at the edge of their tolerance in the garden. They require little extra maintenance.

lew-kuh-DEN-dron sal-LIG-num

Conebush

Shrub

3'-4' high x 4'-6' wide

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Red

Leucadendron salignum ‘Red Wing’ is smaller than most leucadendrons and has deep red bracts from winter into spring. The green leaves pick up a red hue during bloom proving beautiful contrast in the mixed garden bed. Although considered drought tolerant, Leucadendrons require more water than most water wise plants. Even well-established plants can die during hot summers without enough water.

PADG notes: The plants are watered every three weeks at the Demonstration Garden, but this is right at the edge of their tolerance in the garden. They require little extra maintenance.

 

lin-AR-ee-uh pur-PUR-ee-uh

Purple Toadflax

Perennial

2 - 3 ft. high and 1 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Linaria is an old friend that asks for little and gives much. This plant makes a great filler, especially in a young garden. The flowers are small, but the plant is large with many blooming branches. Sunset recommends planting these plants in mass for maximum impact.

The big drawback to Linaria is that it reseeds. The seedlings are easy to spot and pull out. If you deadhead the flowers and mulch your soil regularly you will cut down on the amount of reseeding.

lo-BEE-lee-ah laks-ih-FLO-ruh

Mexican Lobelia

Perennial

3 ft. to 6 ft. wide and 3 ft. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Red with yellow tips

Many Lobelias need lots of water, but not this lovely red Mexican lobelia. Though very frost tender, Mexican lobelia comes back from the root stock in the spring. This lobelia can spread aggressively, so it is not recommended for someone looking for a low maintenance plant.

PADG Notes: After frost damage, scraggly branches are pruned back to about three feet for a neater appearance. When danger of frost is gone, the plant is pruned to the ground. Mexican lobelia has spread aggressively in the garden and needs regular root pruning to keep under control.  

Warning: Lobelia may cause serious illness or death if eaten. If ingested, immediately call the Poison Control Center or your doctor. In addition, the juice or sap of the plant can cause a skin rash or irritation. Wash the affected area of skin with soap and water as soon as possible after contact.

 

mie-ANTH-uh-moom stel-AH-toom

False Solomon Seal

Perennial

1 - 2 ft. (0.3 - 0.6 m) wide x 2.5 ft.(0.8 m) tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Shade

White, Red

Maianthemum stellatum (False Solomon's Seal) is a species of flowering plant in the family Ruscaceae, native across North America generally from Alaska to California. In California it is found primarily in the Coast Ranges and Sierras. An everchanging seasonal plant with little white buds in the spring, followed by delicate starry flowers, then stripy berries and deep red berries in the fall. It is a woodland herbaceous perennial plant, smaller than its close relative M. racemosum. This is a plant for full shade.

mis-KAN-thus sih-NEN-sis

Silver Grass 'Yaku Jima'

Grass

2 ft. to 3 ft. wide and tall with plumes rising 4 ft. to 5 ft.

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Striking golden plumes in fall

There are many cultivars of Miscanthus on the market that vary in size and foliage color including silver and reddish brown. The cultivar 'Yaku Jima' is a U.C Davis “All Star” plant.

From a design perspective, the delicate foliage and showy plumes of Miscanthus add movement and texture to the garden. The plumes look especially lovely in the fall afternoon light.

To keep a fresh look, cut Miscanthus to the ground in winter and divide every few years. That is the only maintenance needed for these trouble-free plants. Miscanthus sometimes takes a year or so to get established.

PADG Notes: Miscanthus 'Yaku Jima' is a favorite of Roberta Barnes, one of the founders of the Palo Alto Water Wise Demonstration Garden. She has found Miscanthus to be one of the best-looking grasses for full sun and low water. There have not been any problems with this grass reseeding in the Demonstration Garden. 

muh-len-BER-jee-ah DOO-bee-uh

Pine Muhly

Grass

2 ft. to 3 ft. wide and tall with plumes rising 4 ft. to 5 ft.

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

No flowers

Muhlenbergia dubia from the southwest U.S. is a favorite grass for the summer dry garden. It looks very similar to the more common Muhlenbergia rigens (deer grass), but it is a third of its size. That makes this plant a better choice for pots and small spaces.

Like most grasses Muhlenbergia dubia really shines in the fall when its graceful leaves add movement and texture to the garden.

PADG notes: Every spring, older growth is raked out to encourage new green leaves. Every three years, the plant is sheared down the ground. No other maintenance is done for this plant. 

muh-len-BER-jee-ah e-MERS-lee-eye

Bull Grass

Grass

1 1/2 ft tall and 3 - 4 ft wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

No flowers

Muhlenbergia emersleyi is a wonderful grass to include in perennial flower beds because it doesn't get too big. In the late summer and fall this grass has attractive reddish flower spikes on green foliage. The winter form is lovely as well. Some describe the winter color as cream, tan or brown. This grass would look attractive planted in a larger group or even in a meadow.

This plant can be hard to find, but is well worth requesting from a nursery as a special order.

PADG Notes: This grass is extremely low maintenance and unlike many other grasses doesn't need to be divided every couple years. To keep this grass attractive, the old foliage is raked out to make room for the green spring growth. 

muh-len-BER-jee-ah RIG-ens

Deer Grass

Grass

3 ft. wide and tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

No flowers

Grasses are the backbone of late summer and fall dry perennial gardens, adding movement and texture. The graceful leaves of grasses look particularly beautiful when highlighted by the late afternoon sun.

Muhlenbergia rigens is a reliably pretty California native grass. The flower stalks are persistent and look attractive year-round. The UC Davis Arboretum, which has selected Muhlenbergia as one of their "All Stars", suggests using it as a low informal screen.

Muhlenbergia requires very little maintenance. UC Davis recommends shearing Muhlenbergia a couple inches above the ground in the early spring every three years to encourage new green growth. California Native Plants for the Garden suggests periodically raking out dead foliage with a fan rake. Otherwise, this is a maintenance-free plant.

PADG notes: This plant is used as an accent plant in both the native and non-native garden beds with good results. PADG Garden also grows Muhlenbergia dubia, a smaller cultivar. This is an attractive low-water plant, although the UC Davis Arboretum suggests giving M. dubia slightly more water than M. rigens.

NEP-eh-tah ex. fah-SEEN-ee-eye

Catmint

Groundcover

1 ft. tall and 1 1/2 - 2 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Lavender-blue

Catmint is a reliable and easy edging plant for low water perennial borders. It has lovely soft gray leaves and lavender-blue flowers in the spring. 

After the first set of blooms finishes, catmint should be cut back several inches to keep it from getting leggy and encourage another set of blooms. This is a fun job because the leaves have a wonderful smell. Be aware that some cats also love the smell of the plant and will roll their bodies in the plant and flatten it.

PADG Notes: Catmint was one of the earliest plants in the Demonstration Garden providing much needed color the first summer. It is used extensively to visually tie the beds together.

 

 

 

oh-Rig-an-um

Oregano

Perennial

Varies depending on cultivar

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

No flowers

Herbs like oregano are very attractive, can be mixed with ornamental plantings and thrive under tough conditions. Some oreganos are grown for their aromatic qualities, others for their interesting foliage and others for their attractive flowers. 'Hopley's', a variety with purplish pink flowers that is attractive in pots. 'Aureum', the variety shown in this picture, looks better with morning sun. The hot afternoon sun can bleach its leaves.

Herbs are also great for attracting beneficial insects to gardens. And the less they are watered, the more intense the flavor.

Many oreganos benefit from being sheared to the ground in the fall. Harvest oregano any time for cooking, but the most intense flavor is just before the plants bloom.

pe-lar-GO-nee-um eye-oh-nid-ih-FLOR-um

Celery Scented Pelargonium

Groundcover

12 - 18 in. high and 15 -24 in. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Half sun to shade

Magenta pink

Pelargonium ionidiflorum blooms throughout the year with bright pink flowers. Attractive when grown in front of border plants, it stays low and compact and seems to do well in partial shade. Unlike other Pelargoniums, this plant does not get leggy. Maintenance is minimal, and occasional deadheading is all that is needed.

pe-lar-GO-nee-um sih-DOY-deez

African Geranium

Perennial

1 ft. wide and tall forming a dense mound

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Dark purple

Pelargonium sidoides has elegant dark purple flowers and dense mounds of silver-gray, heart-shaped leaves. Masses of the dark purple flowers bloom all the way through mid-December with or without deadheading. Even without flowers, African geranium still looks great in the garden because of its attractive foliage.

This is a geranium that thrives in low water situations and in full sun. It can also do well in part shade with generous water. This cultivar seems to be more cold hardy than other Pelargonium. The only regular maintenance it needs is occasional deadheading.

PEN-steh-mon

Foothill Penstemon

Perennial

1 ft. to 2 ft. wide, 2 ft. to 3 ft. tall

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun

Penstemon 'Margarita BOP' is a UC Davis “All-Star” because it does well in average garden conditions. Unlike many other California native plants, Foothill penstemon can tolerate some summer water. The bright blue flowers on these plants are stunning and last well into late summer, especially if deadheaded regularly.

fil-oh-THEK-uh my-oh-por-OY-deez

Waxflower 'Profusion'

Shrub

4 - 5 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

White

Philotheca myoporoides ‘Profusion’ is an evergreen beauty from Australia. This plant prefers part shade and has lovely citrus-like blooms in the spring. Philotheca is one of those hard to find plants that should be used more in water wise gardens.

FLOW-miss fru-tih-KOE-sah

Jerusalem Sage

Shrub

4 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

From the Mediterranean Basin, this sun-loving shrub has unique yellow ball-shaped flowers. The large wooly-gray leaves are a good texture complement to other water-wise plants, many of which have small-leaves to conserve water.

Occasional water will encourage repeat blooms. However, Phlomis fruticosa will tolerate very dry conditions. This plant can be cut back by half in the fall to keep it compact. Some Master Gardeners are a little more daring and like to cut Phlomis back to six inches above the ground. This will keep the plant even more compact. Another option is to do nothing at all if the size and woodiness of the plant are not an issue.

FORM-ee-um TEN-ax

New Zealand Flax 'Amazing Red'

Perennial

3 ft. wide and tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Red (but grown more for foliage)

'Amazing Red' is one of the smaller Phormium cultivars. The sharp texture and brownish-red color of the leaves makes this plant an excellent focal point in the perennial bed.

Some Phormiums revert to the brownish color of the species after several years. 'Amazing Red' has held its color in the demonstration garden for six years and for ten years in some Master Gardeners' personal gardens.

To maintain, prune out dead leaves at their base, but don't try to reduce size of Phormiums by cutting back the leaves. Unlike grasses, Phormium leaves won't grow back, leaving stubby unattractive leaves.

PADG notes: Though it is supposed to be small, in the demonstration garden this plant has grown to about 3 feet high and wide in six years, larger than expected. The plant has not bloomed.

pol-ee-GAH-luh froo-tih-KOH-suh

Petite Butterfly Sweet-Pea Shrub

Shrub

2 ft. to 3 ft. wide and tall

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Purplish pink

It's always nice to find a neat, round evergreen shrub that blooms a lot and doesn't get too big. Polygala fruticosa plays nicely in the perennial garden. Its flowers look a bit like sweet peas hence the common name 'Sweet-Pea Shrub'.

Cut back Polygala to about 10 inches above the ground in late winter to maintain its compact shape.

Sunset’s Western Garden Book recommends providing regular water for Polygala. Several Master Gardeners have not found Polygala fruticosa to be long-lived in their home gardens.

pol-ISS-tih-kum MEW-nih-tum

Western Sword Fern

Perennial

3 - 5 ft. tall and 3 - 4 ft wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Shade

No flowers

Western sword ferns are found in in forests throughout California and much of the west. These ferns help give shady landscapes a natural woodsy look. These plants are very tolerant of competition from tree roots. To keep them looking attractive, remove older fronds. Keep in mind that sword ferns provide forage for elk, deer, and black bears, should you wish for any of these animals in your garden.

PU-ni-kuh grah-NAT-um

Pomegranate

Shrub

15 ft. to 20 ft. tall and wide, but can prune smaller

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Orange-red flowers with ornamental yellow, orange, or red fruit

Pomegranates are a small, well-behaved shrub for the perennial garden. The plant flowers in the early summer and has an attractive golden leaf color in the late fall. The fruit, which forms in the mid-fall, adds color to the fall garden. One drawback is pomegranates lose all their leaves in the winter and don't have a particularly attractive branching structure.

Sunset's Western Garden Book recommends regular water, but says pomegranates tolerate considerable drought. A bonus of a low water regime is the tree grows more slowly and requires less frequent pruning.

PADG Notes: Pomegranates in the Demonstration Garden do quite well with deep and infrequent watering. They are pruned in the late winter to maintain them as shrubs. Since pomegranates can grow to be quite large, some gardeners may choose to prune off the bottom branches of the shrub to give the plant a pleasing tree-like form.

ruh-NUNK-ew-loos kal-i-FOR-ni-koos

California Buttercup

Perennial

6 in (15cm) wide x 0.6 - 2.3 ft (0.18 - 0.7 m) tall

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

Yellow

The California buttercup (Ranunculus californicus), a perennial herb of the Ranunculaceae family, brightens much of California (except the deserts) with 3/4 inch, remarkably glossy, deep yellow flowers, each with 9 to 17 petals. For the garden, plant this buttercup in front of the border and in meadows with native annuals and bulbs, blue-eyed grass, shooting stars, woolly blue-curls, and other natives that require little, if any, supplemental summer irrigation. Buttercups are not only worthy cut flowers but also a good source of nutrition. Toast briefly in a frying pan to accompany porridge or grind and add to baked goods. Easy to grow and appealing native.

RAM-nus kal-ih-FOR-nik-uh

Coffeeberry 'Mound San Bruno'

Shrub

5 ft. tall and wide

None: avoid summer water

Full to half sun, shade

Inconsequential pale yellow

Coffeeberry isn't a flashy shrub, but it does add much needed structure to the native plant bed. The berries on the plant are attractive and beneficial for birds and small mammals.

There are many different varieties of coffeeberry. They can be used as an informal hedge or screen or gently pruned to be a bedding or foundation shrub. 'Mound San Bruno' has a compact growing habit that works well in a perennial bed.

PADG notes: The California native coffeeberry 'Mound San Bruno' was planted in a native plant bed that receives both sun and shade. The amount of sun the bed gets varies depending on the time of year and time of day. That's a common condition in many gardens and not all shrubs do well in both sun and shade.

The coffeeberry was watered once a week to get it started, but now that it is established, it is only watered once or twice over the summer to wash the dust off the leaves.

rowd-AN-theh-mum hos-mar-ee-EN-see

Moroccan Daisy

Groundcover

2 ft. wide and 8 ins. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

White daisies

Rhodanthemum hosmariense has silver foliage and white daisy flowers. This plant is a good choice as an edging plant. This plant flowers profusely in the winter when not much is in bloom.

Don't over-water this plant or it will rot. It can survive on very little water. Maintenance consists of occasional deadheading of spent flowers.

rus oh-VAY-tuh

Sugar Bush

Shrub

8 ft. to 12 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

The California native, Rhus ovata, is an adaptable plant in the garden. This evergreen shrub can be pruned up by removing the bottom branches to create a small tree. It can also be formed into a hedge or left to grow naturally as a large, rounded shrub. Rhus ovata takes sun or partial shade and tolerates occasional water in the summer.

This plant is more of a garden workhouse rather than a star, but a garden full of stars would be overwhelming. These are good background shrubs for places that get no irrigation. The flower bracts, which appears in the fall, are red and show up well against the shiny green leaves. The flowers appear several months later and are small and white.

RY-beez san-GWIN-ee-um

Pink Flowering Currant

Shrub

5 ft. to 12 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Half sun to shade

Pink, red, yellow, white

Ribes sanguineum is a useful landscape plant because it is one of the few shrubs that shine in dry shade. Pink Flowering Currant is one of the first plants to awaken in the spring with a beautiful display of pendulous pink flowers and green maple-like lobed leaves. Ribes, a deciduous shrub, loses all its leaves in the late fall.

This plant can be used as a focal plant in the garden surrounded by smaller perennials or as an understory plant when combined with large trees with low water usage, like California Oaks. It can get by with very little water but looks fuller when a moderate amount of water is applied in the summer. When using Ribes under a California Oak, avoid summer water.

There are many different cultivars of Ribes available with flowers ranging from red to pink to yellow to white. Some types of Ribes work well in full sun.

Hummingbirds are attracted to the flowers, especially since they bloom when not much else is flowering. In the fall the shrub has blue-black berries that attract fruit-eating birds including mockingbirds and cedar waxwings. Ribes sanguineum is found along the Pacific coast from California to British Columbia, Canada.

RIE-bees spes-ee-OH-sum

Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry

Shrub

4-8 ft tall x 6-10 ft wide

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full to half sun, shade

Red

This California native is a large, spiny shrub that can exist with no summer irrigation. Ribes speciosum will go fully dormant during the summer, therefore it is not recommended as a summer focal plant. As soon as the winter rains begin, the plant will unfold glossy green leaves and fuchsia-like red flowers that bloom all winter. The flowers that hang along the undersides of the long arching branches are loved by hummingbirds.

Because of the spiny branches, this shrub should be kept away from walks. It makes a formidable barrier.

ROE-sah

Rose 'Happenstance'

Perennial

3 ft. tall and wide with regular pruning

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Light yellow to white

Roses have a reputation for being lovely shrubs that require a lot of maintenance and water. 'Happenstance' rose is a beautiful, disease-free shrub rose that does fine on a low water diet.

The pale-yellow flowers of 'Happenstance' provide a calming contrast to more brightly colored flowers. The arching branches of 'Happenstance' rose form a neat mound.

PADG Notes: This rose is a slow grower in the garden and doesn't need a lot of deadheading or pruning because it is not highly fertilized or watered. In February, some of the longer canes of 'Happenstance' are pruned back to about two feet to keep the rose a three-foot mounding shrub over the summer.

Despite the low maintenance approach, this plant blooms continually in the spring, summer, and fall. It is highly recommended as a medium-sized rose for water-wise perennial gardens.

ROE-sah chin-EN-sis mew-TAB-ill-iss

Butterfly Rose

Shrub

8 ft. to 10 ft. tall and wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun

While most hybrid tea roses like regular water and fertilizer, there are many antique roses that withstand tough conditions. Rosa x ordorata 'Mutabilis' is very successful under a low water/no fertilizer regime. This rose prefers full sun but will grow and bloom in part shade.

Rosa 'Mutabilis' grows into a large shrub with delicate blossoms that open orange, then turn pink and finally maroon as it ages. The bronzy colored new foliage is also attractive. Blooming all summer, it is a focal point in the garden.

PADG Notes: This rose is pruned back to about four feet in February, selectively cutting smaller branches back to a main stem. This helps keep the plant a manageable size and encourages lots of blooms over the summer.

ross-mah-RYE-nus oh-fi-shi-NAH-lis

Tuscan Blue Rosemary

Shrub

6 ft. to 7 ft. tall and 1 1/2 ft. to 2 ft. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Blue

Rosemary is one of the toughest shrubs in the garden and a great evergreen plant to anchor a summer dry bed. It is from the Mediterranean Basin and is well suited to the Santa Clara Valley climate. There are many different varieties and forms, some tall, others spreading. Flower color can also vary from pale blue to deep blue, and less commonly, pink and white.

Rosemary starts blooming in the winter and provides food for bees when little else is blooming. It sometimes has a small bloom in the late summer and fall as well.

PADG Notes: The 'Tuscan Blue' rosemary shrubs in the garden have never grown taller than 4 feet and are more ball shaped than vertical. Part of this may be due to less watering and part of this may be due to our pruning regime. It is pruned by one half to one third after it finishes blooming in late spring to control its height. The side branches which fall on other plants are also pruned. Once the plants become mature, up to one third of the large woody branches are pruned to control plant size and maintain vigor.

To minimize pruning, we have taken out several of our 'Tuscan Blue' rosemary shrubs and replaced them with the smaller cultivar 'Mozart', a UC Davis Arboretum "All-Star.”

ROO-bus par-VEE-floh-roos

Thimbleberry

Shrub

4 - 8.2 ft. (1.2 - 2.5 m) tall

Moderate: water weekly until the root ball is wet

Half sun to shade

White, Yellow

Rubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry) is a species in the Rosaceae (Rose) family native to western and northern North America, from Alaska east to Ontario and Michigan and south to northern Mexico and widespread in California. It grows from sea level in the north, up to 2,500 meter altitude in the south of the range. It is a dense shrub up to 2.5 meter tall with canes 3-15 millimeter diameter, often growing in large clumps which spread through the plant's underground rhizome. Rubus is the genus of raspberries and blackberries, but unlike most other members of the genus, this has no thorns. The soft, fuzzy, palmate leaves measure 5-20 cm across, with five lobes. The flowers are 2-6 cm in diameter, with five white petals and numerous pale yellow stamens. It produces a tart edible composite fruit 10-15 millimeter diameter, which ripen to a bright red in mid to late summer. Like other raspberries it is not a true berry, but instead an aggregate fruit of numerous drupelets around a central core; the drupelets may be carefully removed separately from the core when picked, leaving a hollow fruit which bears a resemblance to a thimble, perhaps giving the plant its name.

ROO-bus pen-tuh-LOH-bus

Creeping Raspberry

Groundcover

6 ft. wide and 6 in. to 12 in. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Half sun to shade

Small white flowers

Rubus pentalobus is a tough, low maintenance ground cover that does well in dry shade--a rare combination. Its dense, spiny branches discourage weeds. The tiny fruit of Rubus pentalobus is edible, although you'll probably only get enough to sprinkle on a bowl of cereal.

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Germander Sage

Perennial

2 ft. wide and 3 ft. to 4 ft. tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

Bright blue

Salvia chamaedryoids needs very little water and blooms profusely in the late summer.

This attractive plant has silver leaves and bright blue flowers. Deadheading will encourage the flowers to come back in the fall. Shearing back to the ground in late fall rejuvenates the plant.

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Cleveland Sage

Shrub

3 ft. wide and tall

Very Low: water deeply several times a summer

Full sun

'Winnifred Gilman' is a compact Salvia cultivar with violet-blue flowers that bloom in late spring. The grey-green foliage of this California native smells like a chaparral morning.

Like many sages, these are short-lived plants. Even with regular pruning, Salvia clevelandii needs to be replaced every five to ten years when the stems become woody.

PADG Notes: 'Winnifred Gilman' is pruned back by about a third in the late summer and early fall to prolong the life of the plant and maintain a nice shape.

To learn more about Salvias, we suggest reading Betsy Clebsch's The New Book of Salvias

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Sage 'Christine Yeo'

Perennial

12-18 in. high and 24 - 36 in. wide

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full to half sun, shade

Salvias microphyllas is a shrubby perennial that come in a wide variety of colors and will bloom many months with deadheading. It stays a manageable size in the garden and will not overwhelm neighboring plants.

The flower pictured here is Salvia hybrid 'Cristine Yeo'. It is a cross between Salvia microphylla and Salvia chamaedryoides.

PADG Notes: Salvia microphyllas prefer full sun, but this plant is doing well with morning sun and afternoon shade in our garden. It seems a little floppy, which might be a shade issue or just its natural form. 

With a little work, the  Salvia microphyllas can be kept in top form in your garden. At PADG, all flowers are sheared off in early summer and again during fall clean up. This keeps the plant more compact and encourages repeat blooming. In the spring, one third of is oldest stems are pruned out to keep the plant from getting woody. A nice bonus for pruning work -- the leaves of these Salvias smell wonderful.

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Sage 'UCB Pink'

Perennial

3 ft. to 4 ft. wide and tall

Low: water every three weeks until the root ball is wet

Full sun

This hot pink Salvia blooms in late fall when few other plants are blooming. In general Saliva microphylla plants do well in summer-dry perennial gardens and don't need a great deal of maintenance.

PADG Notes: 'UCB Pink' seems to bloom more consistently than many of the Salvia microphylla types. 

In the fall, the skinny branches of this plant are sheared off to form a neat ball. Avoid cutting into the thicker woody stems because it could affect regrowth. Regular pruning keeps this plant fuller and encourages more flowering the next season. If you want to learn more about Salvias, we suggest reading Betsy Clebsch's book called The New Book of Salvias.